The Baseline.

“Let's work on the forehand” sounds pretty darn specific until the first ball arrives.

What kind of forehand? From where? To where? Against what ball? Are we trying to create depth, shape, direction, pace, or simply generate reliable contact?

For newer players, keep the answer simple. Define one ball you would like to own.

A good rally ball, for example, might travel crosscourt, clear the net by a comfortable margin of around one and a half racquet lengths, and land beyond the service line. It gives the swing a direction without asking the player to consciously control six different body parts all at once.

Then count out ten attempts. Give yourself a point each time the ball meets the standard. Six out of ten might be your starting score. Next time, try for seven.

The target should match the player. Beginners can use a large section of the court. Better players can narrow the zone, add pace, or require court-specific movement before the shot.

What really matters is that your shot has an identity.

This should change the way you evaluate practice. One spectacular forehand does not erase four careless misses. Conversely, an ordinary-looking ball with good height, depth, and direction deserves more credit than we usually give.

Useful tennis is not always flashy tennis. A deep crosscourt forehand that pushes an opponent behind the baseline may be worth far more than the winner you make once and attempt unsuccessfully six more times.

Before your session begins, finish this sentence:Today, a good ball is one that ________.

If you can answer that with confidence, you are already on your way toward practicing with more purpose than most players on the next court.

Most players stay with a shot until contact. Better players stay with it until they are ready for the next ball.

Watch a typical practice and you will see people hit, admire, and recover, in that order. The admiration may last only half a second, but tennis is remarkably good at finding uses for half-seconds.

A shot is not complete until you have recovered your balance, adjusted your court position, and begun reading what comes back.

This is where practice should start to move from isolated shots to short sequences.

If you are working on an approach, play the first volley. If you are practicing a defensive lob, recover and defend the overhead. If you hit an inside-out forehand, play the next ball from the position that shot creates.

The simplest version is the two-ball drill. Your partner feeds or rallies the first ball into the situation you want to train. You hit your intended shot, recover, and play one more ball. Then stop and repeat. The second ball reveals whether the first one was actually beneficial.

You may discover that your approach shot is landing deep but leaving you too far from the net. You may hit a strong forehand and recover so automatically toward the center that you abandon the part of the court you just controlled. You may serve well, watch the result, and find the return already at your feet.

For beginners, this can be as simple as recovering after every groundstroke. For more experienced players, it should become more tactical: Where should you recover after pulling an opponent wide? What reply is most likely? Which side of the court are you willing to leave open?

Everyone agrees the serve and return are essential aspects of the game. Then practice begins, and forty-five minutes later someone says, “We should probably hit a few serves.”

The serve is often treated like flossing: essential in principle, brief in practice, and occasionally exaggerated when discussing how regularly it happens.

This is completely backward. Every point contains a serve and a return. Many points never contain a volley, an overhead, or the down-the-line backhand we happily spend half an hour polishing.

Move the serve and return closer to the beginning of the session, while your legs and attention are fresh. More importantly, practice them together.

Serving alone from a basket is useful for working on your motion, toss, and placement, but it cannot show you what your serve creates. Returning hand-fed balls can sharpen your contact point, but it removes much of the information a returner normally reads from the server's toss, body position, and racquet.

Instead, practice the beginning of the point.

For a basic version, the server hits second serves while the returner aims safely through the middle third of the court. Play one additional ball, then stop. The server learns to serve and immediately become ready. The returner learns to neutralize the serve and establish the rally.

As the level rises, add some intent. The server chooses a location and plans the next shot. The returner decides whether the serve should be neutralized, redirected, or attacked. Play only the first four shots of the point, then begin again.

This is where players start discovering their match patterns.

A wide serve is not automatically good because it lands wide. If it repeatedly opens the court and leaves you struggling to handle the return, it may not suit your game style. A return does not need to be aggressive to be effective. A deep return through the middle can take away many of the server's angles and get you into a point you might otherwise have donated.

Executing a serve-plus-one and return-plus-one simply means having a plan that holds up beyond your first ball.

There is a stage in learning when repetition is exactly what a player needs.

If you are changing a grip or finding a new contact point, predictable feeds are useful. They reduce the number of problems arriving at once, allowing you to isolate a new part of your game. You can feel the movement, make an adjustment, and repeat it.

The mistake is staying in that comfortable stage just because the drill looks good.

Knowing that the next ball is a forehand is different from recognizing a forehand. Hitting ten identical waist-high balls is different from adjusting to changes in height, depth, pace, and spin. A player can become extremely skilled at a drill without becoming much better at tennis.

Once the stroke becomes reliable enough, gradually introduce variability into the drill.

First, hit several predictable balls to find the movement again. Then let your partner vary one thing, such as short or deep. Next, allow the ball to arrive on either side. Finally, play the point out.

The stroke might look slightly worse with each stage of progression, but that does not mean the quality of the practice has dropped.

This is one of the most important distinctions in training: performing well during a drill is not the same as learning something that will hold up in match play. A perfectly grooved session can be wonderfully deceptive.

A useful drill might begin with a live crosscourt rally. One player is allowed to change direction or play short at any time. The other must read the ball and choose the appropriate response: defend, rally, or attack. Play to seven, with a bonus point for making the right tactical choice.

Bonus points should not be reserved only for winning the rally. Good practice separates choosing the right option from executing it cleanly. You can make the correct tactical choice and still miss the shot, which usually signals a technical gap that needs work. You can also pick the wrong option and get lucky with a winner, which is exactly how poor decisions survive longer than they should in the wonderful game of tennis.

A good practice should contain a manageable amount of discomfort: missing a few balls, being forced to hit on the run, or starting points at 0–30. If you are making every ball, the drill is probably too easy. If you are missing everything, it is too hard. Somewhere between those extremes is the point where you have to pay attention, adapt, and occasionally mutter something unprintable under your breath.

After a loss, players usually diagnose their games with adjectives.

“My forehand was terrible.”“My return was awful.”“I played tight.”

These descriptions may be emotionally accurate, but they are not precise enough to formulate a practice plan.

The last error of a point is often the coroner's report, not the cause of death. A backhand may have missed because the return before it landed short. A volley may have failed because the approach gave the opponent an easy passing shot. A forehand may have broken down because you recognized the short ball late and arrived while still deciding what to do.

After your next match, choose twenty points and track them. Video helps enormously, even if the camera angle is imperfect and the fence makes it look like your tennis is being filmed by a bank security camera.

Suppose you remember missing six backhands and decide that your backhand needs work. On video, you discover that only one was a routine rally-ball error. Two came after weak returns. Two came when you changed direction from poor positions. One came because you recovered late and contacted the ball while moving backward.

Hitting a hundred comfortable backhands might improve one routine miss, but it does very little for the other five.

Now you can start designing the correct practice.

If the return caused the trouble, begin points with serves to that side and work on return depth. If changing direction was the problem, play a game in which you may go down the line only after receiving a shorter ball. If recovery was late, score the drill partly on court position rather than simply whether the shot landed in.

This is advanced practice because it asks you to separate several distinct problems that look identical on a scoresheet. Was the stroke faulty? Was the choice poor? Was the ball recognized late? Did the previous shot create the difficulty? Did the technique change because the score changed?

This process becomes a loop: observe the match, identify a recurring situation, recreate it in practice, add decisions and pressure, then look for it again in competition.

That loop never really ends. Nor should it. Tennis has an almost remarkable ability to solve one problem and present another.

The goal is to always leave the court closer, even if only by a minuscule amount, to the player you are trying to become.

After missing a first serve, most players attempt to create safety by taking pace off the next ball. It's an understandable response, especially if the first serve missed long. However, the issue lies in how the pace is removed.

A reliable second serve needs spin to create margin. The ball must clear the net comfortably and still return to the service box, which requires the racquet to continue accelerating through contact. When players become nervous, they often slow the racquet down and guide the ball instead. This reduces the spin they were relying on to control it.

The result is a serve that travels slowly but remains surprisingly difficult to place. Aim too high, and it floats long. Try to prevent that by aiming lower, and the net becomes a considerably larger factor.

Maintaining racquet speed doesn't mean trying to hit the second serve as hard as possible. The arm should remain loose enough to accelerate, like a whip, while more of that acceleration is used to rotate the ball. Obviously, the exact configuration will depend on whether you hit with topspin, slice, or a combination of both, but your motion still needs to continue through contact without becoming hesitant.

The toss is often the first place you need to check. If it moves too far forward, you may be forced to drive through a ball you intended to spin. If it drifts behind you, maintaining balance and reaching a consistent contact point become much harder. Instead of immediately changing several parts of your technique, record five second serves from behind and another five from the side. Look at where the ball reaches its peak and where you make contact.

After that, compare the rhythm of your first and second serves. The second ball should travel more conservatively, but the motion itself shouldn't become noticeably shorter as the racquet approaches contact.

During practice, mark a broad target rather than placing one cone in the corner of the box. You need an area large enough to reflect the natural variation in your serve. Hit 20 balls and record where each miss occurs. If most of them find the net, examine your net clearance and whether your arm is decelerating. If they consistently travel long, look at the amount of spin you are creating and whether your toss is pulling the contact point too far forward.

Basket serving is useful when you are learning the motion. It gives you time to adjust the toss, develop spin, and repeat the contact point without interruption.

However, second serves rarely arrive in matches under those conditions. You don't hit one second serve, miss it, and immediately redo it. You miss the first serve, pause, become increasingly aware of the score, and then get one opportunity to put the next ball into play.

To recreate those conditions in practice, begin each repetition with a normal first serve. If it lands in, reset and begin again. If it misses, take the second ball, complete your usual routine, and hit the second serve to a target chosen before the sequence began.

You will hit fewer second serves than you would during ordinary basket practice, but each attempt will more closely resemble the shot you face in competition. You also learn to move from the intention of the first serve to a more conservative second-serve target without allowing the fault to trigger an unnecessary technical change.

Give the drill a simple scoring system. Award two points when the second serve reaches its intended area and one when it lands elsewhere in the box. Subtract two for a double fault. This places value on quality without pretending that location matters more than putting the ball into play.

Once the serve holds up during this exercise, bring it into live points. Play a practice game using only second serves, or begin each service game at 0–30. If you have a returner, continue the point rather than stopping once the serve lands. This exposes a problem that serving from a basket cannot: a second serve may be consistent enough to avoid double faults while still allowing the returner to take immediate control.

Your routine should remain the same throughout these drills. Use it to select your target and settle on one cue related to the result you want. That cue might concern the height or shape of the ball. Thinking about several different body positions while the motion is already underway usually creates more tension than clarity.

Pressure doesn't have to be overwhelming to be useful. It only needs to make the outcome matter just enough that you notice whether your motion changes.

After the first serve misses, many players stop aiming at a particular area. The entire service box becomes the target, and any ball that lands somewhere inside it feels somewhat acceptable.

This may prevent you from aiming unnecessarily close to a line, but it often produces a short serve near the middle of the box. The returner can step forward, set their feet, and begin the point with a full swing. You avoid the double fault, but the point still begins on your opponent's terms.

A useful second-serve target should provide considerable margin while still accounting for the player standing across the net. Serving into the body can work well against a returner with a large backswing because it limits the space needed to complete the stroke. A higher-bouncing serve toward the backhand may be more effective against someone who struggles above their preferred contact point. Serving closer to the middle can reduce the available return angles and make the next ball slightly easier to anticipate.

Develop one dependable location from the deuce court and another from the ad court. You can begin adding variation once those patterns hold up under pressure.

It is also worth judging the serve by what happens immediately afterward. During a practice set, notice where the returner contacts your second serve. If they repeatedly move well inside the baseline and drive the return deep, the serve may require more depth, spin, or a better location. If the return consistently comes back from a neutral position, the serve is doing its job even if it doesn't appear especially impressive.

This is why percentage alone can be misleading. A high second-serve percentage looks reassuring, but it doesn't tell you whether the serve is helping you begin the rally or simply postponing the moment you lose control of it.

Return to 15–40, 2–4.

Your first serve misses long. You take the second ball from your pocket, but there is no new motion to create and no last-second target to invent. You already know which serve you trust from that side and where you intend to place it.

You may still double-fault. No amount of practice can remove every miss, and attempting to reach that standard can make the serve so cautious that it becomes ineffective. Instead, try to reduce the errors that begin accumulating after the first serve misses.

By the time you reach 15–40, your motion has been practiced, its common misses have been identified, and the target has already been chosen. While this won't remove every double fault, it will remove some of the avoidable ones, which is where most players should start.

Think about that forehand you hit past them. Were you balanced? Did the ball sit at a comfortable height, with enough time for you to take a full swing? Now compare it with the forehands you missed. You may find that you were attempting roughly the same shot from very different positions.

A slow ball can be especially misleading. You have plenty of time to see it coming, so you expect to do something impressive with it. But if it stays low or bounces shorter than you anticipated, you still have to move into position and create enough space to swing. It’s quite possible to have all that time and still arrive late because you spent the first half of it waiting.

Against a low slice, recognize the shorter bounce early and move forward while the ball is traveling. Give yourself enough room to make contact in front, with your legs helping you get down to its height. If you reach it below the net, allow enough upward trajectory to clear it. Trying to drive straight through that ball as though it were sitting at waist height is asking a lot of your forehand.

A high, deep ball requires a different adjustment. If taking it early leaves you rushed, move back sooner and let it drop into a height you can handle. You’ll need to send back enough depth to avoid giving your opponent an easy attack, but you’ll have a better chance of doing that from a balanced position.

Before deciding your technique needs fixing, check whether you’ve given yourself room to use it. Otherwise, you can spend an entire match adjusting your swing to compensate for arriving in the wrong place.

That backhand might genuinely have technical problems. It can still be very effective against the particular ball you keep sending it.

Suppose your opponent struggles to drive their backhand but comfortably slices anything around waist height. You hit harder to put it under pressure, and they use that pace to send another low ball back. Eventually, you miss while trying to lift it. You’ve been targeting their weaker side, yet you’re the one attempting the more difficult shot throughout the exchange.

Try changing the height before adding more speed. Send a higher, deeper ball to the backhand and see whether they leave the reply short. When an opportunity comes, bring them forward to a low ball and watch how well they handle that contact. Someone can have a reliable backhand from behind the baseline and struggle with the same stroke while moving into the court.

You’re looking for a response you can produce repeatedly. If the higher ball draws a short reply several times, you have a reason to use it again and prepare to move forward. One backhand error, on its own, isn’t enough to build your entire afternoon around.

Also consider what reaching that weakness costs you. If you’re trading crosscourt backhands and yours is becoming uncomfortable first, continuing because theirs looks worse won’t help. Running around every ball to hit a forehand can leave too much court open, particularly when you’re already being pushed wide. Choose a pattern you can sustain without putting yourself in a worse position.

With a quick opponent, pay attention to where they move after hitting. You may be alternating corners while they’ve already begun recovering toward the next one. Playing another ball into the same corner can catch that early movement and force them to reverse direction. You don’t necessarily need a sharper angle; you need to notice when they’ve started leaving the space you can still hit into.

After working through a long rally, you finally get a short ball. By then, you’re fairly convinced you deserve the point, and another shot coming back would be personally inconvenient.

It’s easy to overhit in that situation. You’ve recognized the opening correctly, but the finish still depends on how you reach the ball. A high ball you meet comfortably inside the court gives you more attacking options than a low one you’re stretching to reach. Both are short. They don’t deserve the same swing.

On the lower ball, a controlled approach with room inside the lines may give you a much easier volley afterward. As you come forward, get ready for your opponent’s contact rather than continuing to run until they hit. A well-timed split step helps you respond to the pass or lob, instead of being caught moving in the wrong direction.

You may still lose the point after doing this well. If your opponent makes a difficult passing shot from a stretched position, that doesn’t automatically mean approaching was a mistake. Give them credit, and then see whether they can keep producing that reply. If they’re repeatedly passing you while balanced, with plenty of time, your approach probably needs a better location or a better opportunity.

Be equally honest about the attacks that work. Catching the line with one ambitious forehand feels great, but it doesn’t tell you whether that shot will hold up over a set. Pay attention to what the pattern produces across several points, including the misses you’d rather forget.

At the next changeover, give yourself one adjustment you can actually use. “I need to play better” is understandable, but it leaves you with very little to do. “Their backhand reply is landing short when I use more height, so I need to move up sooner” gives you a specific opportunity to watch for.

When you practice afterward, recreate the exchange that troubled you. Have a partner send the low slice and continue the point, or work through the approach and first volley rather than stopping once you’ve reached the short ball. You’ll learn whether the adjustment works when another shot is coming.

You might still be annoyed about the loss, which is fair. But being able to say, “I kept arriving late to the short slice, and I know what I’m going to practice,” makes the afternoon considerably more useful. It also gives you something to bring to the rematch besides your original opinion of their backhand.

Stepping forward on a second serve can work extremely well when the ball sits at a height you enjoy. You take time away from the server and make contact farther inside the court. It’s less useful when you step in automatically and spend the return reaching above your preferred contact point.

Over the next few returns, pay attention to what happens after the serve lands. Does it stay around waist height, or does it keep climbing as it reaches you? If it’s rising into your shoulder, you have two reasonable choices. You can start farther back and let it drop, giving yourself more room to swing. Or you can move forward early enough to meet it on the rise, before it gets that high. Both require a decision before the ball is on top of you.

Starting farther back may give the server more time after your return, so you still need to send the ball back with depth. Taking it early can apply more pressure, but only if you can judge the bounce and make contact in front. Try each position for a few points. The better one is the one that lets you return this player’s serve well, even if standing closer to the line feels more aggressive.

Sometimes your position is fine, but you prepare as though you’re receiving a rally ball. The racquet goes back, the serve arrives, and you’re still getting ready. Your swing speeds up to catch the ball, usually at the expense of your contact point.

Turn your shoulders as you read the serve, but keep the racquet’s path back shorter than it would be on an ordinary groundstroke. You can still accelerate through the return. The idea is to have the racquet ready in time to meet the ball in front of you, rather than taking a full swing at it once it has reached your body.

Then choose a target that fits the contact you’ve earned. If the serve stays at waist height and you’re balanced, go ahead and drive it. If you’re reaching high or getting pulled wide, a return with margin can still put the server under pressure. Sending it deep through the middle gives them less room to create an angle with their next shot. When the serve pulls you well outside the court, a crosscourt return usually gives you more space to aim and more time to recover.

At 30-all, it’s tempting to make them regret missing the first serve in a single swing. Making them play a difficult next ball is a perfectly good way to do it.

If this keeps happening, ask someone to serve to you for a few games. Have them hit first and second serves normally, then play out every return. That forces you to decide where to stand after the first serve misses and to read the second serve without knowing exactly where it will go.

Start from your usual position and notice the returns you miss. If most misses come when the ball gets high, move back a step for a few points and compare the contact. If you’re meeting the ball comfortably but still sending it long, your position may be fine; look at how far the racquet goes back and how close to the lines you’re aiming. Change one thing at a time so you can tell what helped.

The next time your opponent misses a first serve at 30-all, you can still look for that forehand. Just give the serve a chance to show you what kind of forehand is available.